![]() The mechanism of action of iodine's anticancer effect may be complex, and roles as an antioxidant, promoting differentiation and apoptosis related to breast cancer have been proposed 13. In animal models of breast cancer, iodine in supplement or seaweed form, has demonstrated beneficial effects in suppressing breast cancer cell and tumor growth 12. Iodine is taken up by the sodium/iodide symporter in the breast and its role is important in promoting the development of normal versus neoplastic breast tissue development 12. Furthermore, emigration of Japanese women 10 and adopting a western diet 11 is associated with higher breast cancer rates. Dietary iodine has also been previously proposed to play a protective role in breast cancer 8, to a large degree based on the increased iodine consumption of dietary iodine in Japanese women, having and exceptionally low incidence of breast cancer 9. The hypothesis that iodine deficiency in the United States, plays a role in the increased incidence of breast cancer with distant involvement, is discussed here in the context of these three factors.ฤก) Pathogenesis: Iodine deficiency has been proposed to play a causative role in the development of breast cancer 6, 7. In response, the original authors 5 suggested causal association need explain: 1) why a proposed agent or risk factor would cause advanced disease, 2) why it would preferentially affect the youngest women, and 3) how temporal trends in the proposed causative agent have changed since the mid-1970s 5. There have been explanations proposed in several letters, including vaccination 2, advanced-age at first pregnancy 3 as well as folate supplementation 4, however these explanations have not been particularly satisfying. Understanding the causes for these changes in cancer demographics is particularly important in view of the young age of these women, as well as the poor survival rate for women with distant metastatic breast disease. 1 This disturbing trend was also observed in women age 40-54, albeit to a letter extent. For a chronic condition with so much variety of subjective sensitivity and great variability of objective clinical palpation, it is difficult to relate the amount of methyl xanthine consumption to "fibrocystic breast disease.The incidence of breast cancer with distant involvement at diagnosis is increasing in young women, age 25-39, possibly at an accelerating rate, as previously demonstrated by Johnson et al. ![]() Forty-eight of the 72 women were menopausal. A total of 125 (87%) breasts of the sample manifested a change in the number of nodules or a change in position. In 21 (15%) breasts with nodularity, the nodules had completely disappeared by the termination of the study. The examiner was uninformed as to previous examination findings and pain reports of each woman. The methyl xanthine consumption remained remarkably constant throughout the observation time. Seventy-two women, all with palpable breast nodules, were followed over a 6-month period with monthly examinations and questionnaires on intake of coffee, tea, soft drinks, chocolate, candies, and caffeine-containing drugs. For a condition with a notorious reputation for "waxing and waning," it is essential to document the stability versus instability of clinical findings, keeping the methyl xanthine consumption constant. ![]() Conflicting reports have appeared in the recent literature on a presumed association between coffee intake and "fibrocystic breast disease." The hypothesis suggesting that abstention from coffee and caffeine consumption eliminates breast pain and resolves breast nodules was based on an uncontrolled clinical study.
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